What is Philosophy free essay sample

Greco-Roman convention initially originated from Greek and Pagan culture, later picking up impacts from different societies. At the point when the confidence in the real presence of Gods and Goddesses passed on, reasons should have been accommodated human presence, the motivation behind life, and the issues of living in a civilisation. This saw the Greek way of thinking develop and the customs principle issue was to characterize and portray human life and conditions. The convention later got known as Western custom, as the Greek’s and Roman’s utilized thoughts from different societies and instilled them inside their convention. This despite everything stays a key element of Western convention today. There are not many enduring unique wellsprings of the custom, safeguarded by Catholic and Orthodox religious communities, in spite of their disparities to Christian lessons. The impacts from Western convention are key highlights in the public arena today. It gave reason and science which can be viewed as the foundations for innovation and science today. â€Å"From the Greco-Roman period came regard for the standard of law, the possibility of characteristic law, and, for its day, lenience of strict convictions. (Pappas, 2005) If anything was so pervasive in the public arena today it would be that idea. The capacity to live among others with various convictions yet at the same time all adhere to similar laws is a need in todays society. The Western convention instructed us to address what our identity is and regard singularity, an encouraging which lives on right up 'til the present time. Unlike Western convention, which hopes to characterize human life and conditions, the Chinese customs principle point is to keep amicability consistently. Confucius was China’s most popular thinker. â€Å"The most significant thing to Confucius was Jen, or human graciousness, love of man. Jen is the perfect inclination of warmth, thoughtfulness, nobility, and regard that ought to create between two individuals. † (Powell, 2000, p. 95) The Chinese convention is one of common sense, subsequently the significance of rationale is foremost. Rationale sees that everything is liable to change, and that suppositions and convictions are of their time and spot. Contrasting toward the Western custom, the Chinese took not many thoughts from different societies, featuring the craving for China to stay isolated from different social orders. It did in any case, take impact from Buddhism, however even this was adjusted to suit Chinese culture. The Chinese custom accepts that to stay agreeable is of more significance than finding reality. Devotees of Chinese convention may not see it fit to unburden themselves of their misfortunes onto others as this isn't amicable. Seemingly the most seasoned enduring custom, Indian convention plans to dispense with misery and make nirvana, the suspension of torment. In contrast to the Western convention, both the Chinese and Indian consolidate reasoning and religion. Indian convention anyway does so more amicably by joining them both similarly. Along these lines, Indian custom is contrasted with a Banyan tree, with its profound roots and tangled overhang speaking to the entwining of Indian ways of thinking and religions. Buddhism is started from India. This way of thinking trusts in karma, that what you are resurrected similar to an impression of your previous existence. From a negative perspective, it could be seen that devotees of Buddhism are thoughtful just to ensure their resurrection, and that it's anything but a caring demonstration they are doing, only one which will profit them in their next life. It is significant that every philosophical enquiry are substantial so right results are delivered. There are numerous components that comprise a substantial philosophical enquiry. It must not be one-sided or favor one side. It must be non-passionate and it must have the option to unite the deductive and inductive techniques for thinking. It is questionable that for the enquiry to be legitimate it would should be demonstrated. This may not be the situation and it could be accepted that it would simply need to not be refuted. For instance, it has not been demonstrated that God at any point existed, anyway it has not been invalidated. In this manner, the inquiry with regards to whether there is or was a God, is a legitimate philosophical enquiry. A legitimate philosophical enquiry should just be founded on proof and exclude feeling or assessment. The last finish of the enquiry should then be deciphered and assessed. No hurried forecasts ought to be made as it ought to be founded just on actuality. Descartes gives his procedure while delivering a philosophical enquiry in Discourse on Method. (See informative supplement 1) There are a wide range of parts of theory. Sentimentalism is started from eighteenth century Germany. Sentimental people respond contrarily to what the cutting edge world does to individuals, for instance the impacts advanced innovation have on human cooperation. Jean-Jacques Rousseau denoted the route for the Romanticism development as he â€Å"believed that civilisation was an adulterating effect on individuals, who are intuitively acceptable † (Kindersley, 2011, p. 144) Romantics are particularly against the dehumanization of the cutting edge world where innovation replaces individuals. A sentimental may contend that oneself assistance check outs gave all things considered stores negatively affect human collaboration as there is no compelling reason to speak with individuals up close and personal now when shopping. Sentimentalism joins with another part of reasoning, Environmentalism. This way of thinking is worried about keeping the planet green. Naturalists, similar to Romantics, are worried about the advancements occurring in the public arena and the impacts they could have on the planet and those inside later on. In complete complexity to Romanticism and Environmentalism, The Enlightenment is another part of reasoning. It additionally began in eighteenth century Western Europe yet is firmly aligned with science. It challenges the standard of strict notion and custom and utilizations science to give most, if not all, of the appropriate responses. It agrees with the advancement in individuals and their environmental factors. Morals is a part of theory that moves with the occasions. As society, religion, and governmental issues push ahead, so do the morals inside those establishments. It is entirely conceivable that the moral issues one encountered in their childhood could absolutely vary from those they involvement with their grown-up life. Morals is an arrangement of qualities where certain things are â€Å"right† and certain things are â€Å"wrong†. Fetus removal is a subject that has consistently been encircled by good and moral issues. (See reference section 2, BBC, 2013) Until 1967, fetus removal was illicit in England. This notwithstanding, doesn't mean it didn't occur. In the 1950’s, when premature birth was as yet illicit, moms conveying undesirable infants would look for non clinical staff to do premature births. This was featured in an ongoing scene of Call the Midwife, a show arrangement dependent on the individual encounters of an East End birthing assistant in the 1950’s, where a mother had an unlawful fetus removal which lead to her contracting septicaemia. (‘Episode 5’, 2013) Times have unmistakably proceeded onward, and today premature births are undeniably progressively accessible and therapeutically sheltered. However, that doesn't imply that the moral perspectives on some have changed with the occasions, whether or not the law has changed. It is imperative to think about teleological and deontological hypotheses when managing morals. Teleological scholars accept that it is the final product of an activity that decides if the activity was positive or negative. Deontological scholars in any case, accept that each activity in itself is fortunate or unfortunate, paying little mind to the outcomes. (Harrison-Barbet, 2001, p. 186) There are numerous moral issues brought up in the contentions against fetus removal, one of the fundamental being that executing a guiltless individual isn't right. (BBC, 2013) This is a deontological contention. It is questionable with regards to when you consider a hatchling a person. Is it at the origination stage when it is just an assortment of cells, or is it when the heart starts to pulsate and when the mind begins to work? At around 18-22 weeks a baby gains consciousness, the familiarity with joy, torment and observation. The way things are, premature births can be done on females as long as 24 weeks into pregnancy so morally one could contend that helping out premature births this far through in pregnancy isn't right. (Lacewing, 2010) Arguing from a potential viewpoint makes further inquiries with regards to whether contraception is as off-base as fetus removal. Individuals who restrict premature birth may contend that in spite of the fact that the embryo may begin as only an assortment of cells, it can possibly turn into a person who has the privilege to life. Along these lines, in any event, utilizing contraception isn't right as it forestalls the capability of life. Genius abortionists anyway may contend that potential implies that something doesn't yet exist so why treat it with indistinguishable moral qualities from something that exists. (Lacewing, 2010) Pro-abortionists would likewise contend that the pregnant female has good and moral rights and these may exceed the foetus’ rights. This could be the situation if the female was a survivor of assault and would endure intellectually and genuinely on the off chance that they proceeded with the pregnancy, or if the proceeded with pregnancy could have impeding impact on the female’s wellbeing. Taking everything into account, fetus removal faces numerous moral issues from both expert and restricting perspectives. It is a subject that can't be resolved as right or wrong by science or theory. At long last, the most significant perspective that ought to be viewed as when settling on such a choice is the pregnant female. The effect of language on society is significantly more pervasive than one may expect. Umberto Eco accepted that we learn through our insight into dialects, and that deciphering between one language and another isn't just about looking at them both, however deciphering them in the manners in which they were composed, in light of culture. The way of thinking of language takes a gander at what the idea of significance is. John Searle clarifies that language is urgent in the comprehension of human life, and to investigate human attributes mind

Ethnographic Fieldwork Cultural Anthropology Essay Example For Students

Ethnographic Fieldwork : Cultural Anthropology Essay 1). Ethnographic hands on work is imperative to the act of social humanities. In a 2 to 3 page exposition talk about the qualities and shortcomings of this examination technique. In doing as such, kindly do the following:a) Define ethnographic hands on work and clarify why it is critical to social anthropology. Ethnographic hands on work is normal for social human studies (Sprandley, 6) . Ethnography involves hypothesis of societies. Ethnographic hands on work is essential to social human studies to covert the obscure standards of another lifestyle so they can illuminated the individuals through it to comprehend diverse lifestyle and the circumstance another lifestyle are living. Anthropologist concentrate from the individuals who separate the way of life best, for example, its individuals and they look for the insider’s perspective. They attempt to explain this perspective to individuals so we won t see individuals who lives diversely in intolerant or think in terrible manner or second rate way.b) Referring to in any event two of the readings, examine the qualities and shortcomings of this strategy. What are some issue it raises? What does it permit us to see that different strategies may not? What are a few risks and entanglements that it postures to the researcher? The intensity in these strategy for hands on work is, we can see insider s perspective. Anthropologists need to pose exceptionally fundamental inquiries, and can't expect they comprehend things which consider to be shortcoming. At times while posing inquiries creator may need to take a demeanor of numbness, to put aside guileless relativism. This shortcoming can be clarify through Gmelch article. This article lead us to comprehend that it is hard, yet necessary to attempt to set aside our own exact understandings. It additionally clarifies us that hands on work freque. . in simply our own perspective, we would dismiss culture practice of different societies simply dependent on our way of life. We would expect that our way of life is unrivaled and reflect. At the point when I read about Tibetans, it does shocked me for a moment. Be that as it may, it was hard for me to accept that at least two sibling have one spouse. It s totally confined in my societies so it s hard for me to acknowledge the reality. This makes me inquisitive and to discover progressively about Tibatans, their societies and their social practices. I had attempted to assemble the same number of data about Tibetans culture on the web, it does really changes the way, I consider Tibetans. Presently I can comprehend and acknowledge their social practices which I was dismissing it from the outset place. I think social relativism is significant for each individual to see, comprehend realities about different societies and their social practices.

Rodin Essay Example For Students

Rodin Essay Like most craftsmen, Rodin was not a short-term achievement. Despite the fact that he was dismissed various occasions from craftsmanship schools on account of his specialty style, he won at long last. Rodin, in the same way as other specialists, got their motivation from other extraordinary and renowned craftsmen. In Rodins case, his motivation originated from Michelangelo. In Rodins progressively acclaimed works, one can see the similitudes between the two craftsmen fine art. Rodins guardians were not well off, along these lines, he couldn't go to a craftsmanship school of his decision. His dad, in any case, sent him to Petite cole, a preparation ground for business sketcher and practicienscutters and finishers of work in stone. At seventeen years old, Rodin won his first prize for a mud model and he came in runner up for one of his drawings. His instructors at Petite cole urged him to go after the Grande cole des Beaux-Arts. He applied, yet was not acknowledged. Not surrendering tr ust, Rodin applied two additional occasions, however was dismissed. Resolved to get by, he worked for an enormous business originator. It was there, that he made various items with his hands; anything from veils of divine beings to cupids. This is the place he started to see that he had a future in what he cherished the most, craftsmanship. Despite the fact that Rodin was a craftsman, his profession didn't take off unexpectedly early. At the point when he was 22, his sister Maria passed on. He anguished such a great amount over her demise that he chose to leave his specialty. He quit everything and chose to enter the Order of the Fathers of the Very Holy Sacrament. While living in the religious community, Rodin trusted in Father Eymard, and he was the one that advised Rodin to keep chiseling and not to surrender. Rodin in the end understood that religion was not his calling and once he had enough cash set aside, he moved into his first studio. Starting there on, he was completely de dicated to his work of art. Rodin said that it was so cold in his studio, (he was unable to bear to have heat) that he would wake up and see portions of his figures on the floor. Since I didnt have the cash to have them thrown, every day I lost valuable time covering my earth with wet materials. Regardless of that, every step of the way I had mishaps from the impacts of the cold and warmth. Whole segments confined themselvesheads, arms, knees, lumps of middle tumbled off; I discovered them in pieces on the tiles that secured the floor . In 1864, Rodin made a showstopper, something that would change his life until the end of time. He made The Man with the Broken Nose, and with the new creation he stated, It decided all my future work. The new figure was not seen as worth anything after Rodin attempted to enter it in the Salon. Thus, he took it back home and set it in a corner for various years. At some point, one of Rodins understudies saw the forlorn bust and inquired as to whether he could obtain it to make duplicate. Rodin didn't can't and when the understudy, Jules Desbois took it to his cohorts at the Grande cole, they were bewildered. All of Desboiss cohorts remained around with shock, all asking who made such a showstopper. Desbois stated, The man who made it, whose name is Rodin, bombed multiple times to enter the school, and the work you take to be old fashioned was denied by the Salon. In 1866, Rose, his sweetheart, brought forth an infant kid. He before long had work with perhaps the best manager around, Carrier-Belleuse. There, he was a sketcher, disintegrate, finisher and a caster. He in the end left since he had all the cash that he asserted he required. In 1870, he was called to serve in the National Guard, however was discharged due to his poor vision. At this point, there was no cash and Rodin attempted to consider past customers that might need some improving done. All ties were broken after he left the trustworthy organization Carrier-Belleus e. After months without having any work, Rose left him and Rodin chose to get an association together with another ex-worker of Carrier-Belleuse. Together, the two men made models and reliefs for various structure in Brussels. Auguste got by from his bonus and he was soon ready to do what he constantly needed to do; go to Italy. In 1875, Rodin had the option to stand to move to Italy, where he contemplated Michelangelo very quickly. Now, Italy was presumably the best thing that could have happened to Rodin. From the second I showed up, I started to contemplate Michelangeloand I accept this extraordinary entertainer will uncover a portion of his privileged insights to me. Having discovered his liking for Michelangelo, Rodin presently handled the issue of how to draw on his model, not simply duplicate from it. He started take a shot at a full-scale figure that, while demonstrating Michelangelos impact, was very not normal for anything Rodin had really found in Italy. The piece, a male bare bound to get well known as The Age of Bronze, was unsupported, both truly and allegorically, and it flagged the finish of Rodins 20-year apprenticeship in craftsmanship. From the get-go in the time of 1877, Rodin was blamed for being a faker. The Salon asserted that he had taken a sculpture and simply shaped directly over it with new material. At the point when Rodin discovered what he was being blamed for, he raced to the press and had pictures taken to demonstrate that he was not a faker, and to demonstrate that the figure was not actually like the human body. At last, the Salon inferred that it was not something very similar and Rodin stated, I have figured out how to utilize it bronze throwing. Rodin came back to Paris in late1877, when a passing happened in the family. Rodin had lost his mom, and now his dad had gone visually impaired and was starting to turn decrepit. In the event that that were insufficient, his child, from his precedent-based law spouse Rose was totall y impeded. Some state that it is conceivable that he endured a head injury when he tumbled from a two-story window as a youthful child. Despite the fact that his child was biting the dust, Rodin endeavored to give his child drawing exercises, however his child seemed to overlook him. All through Auguste Rodins work, one can see the likenesses between his work and Michelangelos work. One can expect that after one man examines another extraordinary man, characteristics and thoughts will radiate through the craftsmen work. The Age of Bronze takes after Michelangelos Dying Slave by the stance that the two sculptures share. The two men are bent in a similar manner, as though they are solidified and etched similarly as the craftsman saw them. One leg of every sculpture has its knee bowed, the two heads are looking forward, and the arm is brought up noticeable all around. Rodins Crouching Woman looks like numerous attributes from Michelangelos Crouching Youth. The Crouching Woman, made bet ween 1880-1882, looks as though she has interminable torment. This is parted with by the manner in which her knees are twisted, inferring that she might be defenseless, she needs to be felt sorry for, or she is worn out. The similitudes between the two sculptures is simpler to see than the distinctions. The two figures heads are tilted a similar way. The two knees are twisted and interlaced with her own arms; while one hand holds one foot. The two ladies have clear muscle definition, however the outward appearance is much the same as the muscle definition, evident that there are no feelings to appear. Finally, the two models are left in an un-formed stone for a base. Indeed, Michelangelos work can be found in Rodins Faun and Child. The Faun and Child was structured in December 1882, and is very nearly an imitation of Michelangelos sketch of the prophet Jechonius. Both grown-up figures have their heads thinking back, as though both gatekeeper and youngster are in harm's way. Also, th e watchman is holding the youngster with his/her left arm. In conclusion, it appears as if the youngsters are either coming to or taking a gander at something that they long for. Rodin was an exceptionally skilled craftsman, stone carver, and mastermind. He had the option to make individuals see things the way that he saw them, and despite the fact that it was extreme beginning, he won and had the option to live joyfully; taking into account what a hard life he had. Rodin passed on in November 1917 and his custom-based law spouse, Rose, kicked the bucket in February of 1917. Rodin passed on with having finished more than 400 figures and 7,000 drawings.Two of Rodins most well known bits of work were at long last appeared in the Salon in 1878, The Man with the Broken Nose and the Age of Bronze. I got an opportunity to see a few Rodins and visit his home in paris the previous summer and keeping in mind that he may reflect Michealangelo ,it was clear ,nobody could deny his ability as an artist. His structures hold such a solid feeling of movement and quality. My most loved would need to be his figure the Kiss, it remains in the nursery deTolluries in paris and simply left such a solid impact on me. .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e , .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e .postImageUrl , .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e , .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e:hover , .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e:visited , .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e:active { border:0!important; } .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e:active , .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u6b4100b4fce5d424f97712b8b581834e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt rad

PTSD in Sexual Assault Victims - Free Essay Example

PTSD in Sexual Assault Victims According to the DSM-5, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs from an exposure to a traumatic event in which an individual experiences or witnesses death or threatened death, actual or serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violation (Barlow, et al. 160). It can occur in anyone who [has] experienced or witnessed . . . a natural disaster, a serious accident, a terrorist act, war/combat, rape or other violent personal assault (Parekh). Currently, an estimated five percent of Americans (which is more than thirteen million people) have PTSD (Post Traumatic). In specific focus for the disorder, the estimated risk for developing PTSD for people who have experienced sexual assault is significantly large: forty-nine percent for rape victims and around twenty-four for other instances of sexual assault (Post Traumatic). PTSD as a result of sexual assault is quite common for victims. When recognizing if one suffers from this disorder, it should be noted that PTSD has three main clusters of symptoms that victims will have: reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyper-arousal (Post Traumatic). Under these clusters are more specific symptoms of PTSD, including the following: nightmares and sleep disturbance, distress at exposure to similar stimuli, avoidance of talk of trauma, detachment, anger outbursts, startle response, hypervigilance, restricted affect, and regressive behavior, (Barlow, et al. 161) as well as many others. Instead of avoidance of talking about trauma, some victims might not actually be able to recall events at all due to dissociative amnesia, or because of injuries or drug usage at the time of the traumatic event (Barlow, et al. 163). Symptoms may vary from person to person depending on the severity of the traumatic experience (or if there was more than one traumatic occurrence for the victim). Symptoms most common to victims of sexual assault are dissociation or re-living the physical trauma that they experienced through flashbacks or from similar scenarios or stimuli (Burgess), because of the direct and intense invasion of [their bodies], personal space, and safety that has occurred (Burgess). In addition to the primary symptoms of PTSD that people experience, victims of sexual assault may also commonly experience negative emotions such as depression, guilt, shame, and distrust (Burgess) following the sexual assault, which can evidently have a direct affect on ones daily life and habits by causing disinterest or fear in participating in daily activities. It is common for victims to develop a persistent and negative view about themselves, others, and the world, which also causes them to lose self-esteem or blame themselves for the traumatic experience (Barlow, et all 163). This can many times lead to social isolation by the victim from friends, family, or others (even therapists). Because of unfortunate symptoms like these, victims of sexual assault are actually between 1.4 and 3.6 times more likely to report a suicide attempt that nonvictims (Tomasula, et al). Like the symptoms themselves vary, so can the duration of those symptoms. In all cases of PTSD, symptoms under the clusters do have to last for at least one month following an event to receive a PTSD diagnosis (Krystal). However, many symptoms can be existent even throughout a persons lifetime after that initial month. Symptoms can reappear as stressful stimuli (more commonly known as triggers) introduced to a person, or if they experience another traumatic event similar to the original one. When seeking diagnosis, a person must be clearly experiencing the clusters of main PTSD symptoms (reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyper-arousal) for at least one month, as mentioned above (Krystal). For many victims who suffer from PTSD, assessment of the disorder is commonly difficult; many people, due to the avoidance section of the symptom cluster, will find it hard to recognize they have a problem, especially if the symptoms appear after a length of time following the traumatic event (Diagnosing PTSD). Other issues that arise include that many victims believe they can handle the disorder on their own without professional help, are embarrassed or ashamed of what happened, or simply dont know where to look for aid (Diagnosing PTSD). For actual assessment of the disorder, medical professionals will first take a complete medical and personal history (Diagnosing PTSD) for the patient and then look for specific signs including the exact event that was experienced/learned about/witnessed (for example, rape), the number of and intensity of the symptoms that the patient is experiencing (like nightmares or startle responses), how he or she is coping with those symptoms (if he or she is experiencing avoidance, etc), and the duration of the symptoms (Diagnosing PTSD). For victims of sexual assault, some medical professionals (if the victims are children) will often look for reenactment of the traumatic experience through play (Diagnosing PTSD), because many children are not able to communicate their traumatic experiences in the same ways that adults can. Screening for PTSD in victims can sometimes be completed through online surveys (which are today popular and convenient and test for many different mental disorders); some people may prefer taking a survey on their own, or some may like the idea of a medical professional providing a written one to them (this would obviously be more accurate and recommended). Physical examinations are often completed on patients who are seeking help, to check for other medical issues that could be contributing to or causing symptoms (Tull and Gans). Psychological examinations are usually recommended; this allows victims to openly discuss their experiences (if they so choose) with a professional and tell them about the specific event they experienced that has caused certain symptoms (Tull and Gans). The information from psychological examinations, surveys, and physical examinations (not always are all of them necessary or completed) is then gathered to give the potential PTSD diagnosis for the patient, depending on how intense or clear the results are. The first appearances of PTSD were seen around the 1980s within the DSM-3; the very first terms used to address the symptoms of the disorder were commonly heard of as shell-shock, soldiers heart, or war neurosis and closely followed the disaster of the Vietnam War (Crocq and Crocq). However, epics like the tale of Gilgamesh propose that the first case of chronic mental symptoms caused by sudden fright in the battlefield [were] reported in the account of the battle of Marathon by Herodotus, written in 440 bc (Crocq and Crocq). Far before symptoms were being recognized as potentially eligible for being an actual disorder, many of these now-defined symptoms were merely thought to be part of human fundamental experience (Crocq and Crocq). In the late 1700s, Nosographie Philosophique (1798) described the case of a philosopher who became apprehensive, depressed, being withdrawn, and having an overall personality change after a near-death experience, and in 1884 those who experienced severe railway accidents (and experienced similar symptoms) made way for the first mention of the term traumatic neurosis (Crocq and Crocq). In World War I, the observed mental distress of soldiers was repeatedly described in literary works; the aftermath of this and the Vietnam War brought high rates of suicide or alcoholism amongst veterans and sparked the need for psychiatric assessment and treatment, which led to PTSD finally being added to the DSM-3 in 1980 (Crocq and Crocq). For victims of sexual assault, more detail has been recently added to the DSM-5 for PTSD: As to the specific definition of an intensely stressful event, DSM-5 retains the prior description of threatened death, serious injury and adds sexual violence. Whereas the test in DSM-IV-TR limits the description of sexual trauma to sexual assault, DSM-5 presents a wide-ranging set of examples of sexual violence (Levin, et al). While statistics are difficult to find about when sexual assault was considered for PTSD before being added to the DSM-5, this quotation reveals that sexual assault is becoming more common when talking about which types of traumatic events cause the disorder. Treatment of PTSD can vary; the main treatments for the disorder include psychotherapy, medication, or both (Treatment for), but it depends on the victims preference or accessibility to these treatments. For psychotherapy, a victim may refer to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for trauma-focused therapy that has weekly meetings to identify, understand, and change thinking and behavior patterns (Treatment for). Forms CBT are Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), Prolonged Exposure (PE), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EDMR), and Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) (Treatment for). Other therapies for PTSD besides CBT include Present Centered Therapy (PCT), which is non-trauma focused and orients around current problems instead of directly processing traumatic experiences (Treatment for). So, either a victim chooses therapy that directly addresses the traumatic event he or she experienced, or he or she can choose a therapy to avert his or her focus from the traumatic event to the present. Again, the therapy chosen can depend on many outside factors or the type of traumatic experience. And like mentioned before, many people often do not even seek treatment (because they are ashamed or confused at where they should look for it). Common medications used to treat PTSD are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (Treatment for). Sertraline and Paroxetine are the only medications currently approved by the FDA for PTSD, but Fluoxetine and antidepressants such as Venlafaxine are often provided to victims as well (Medications for). Some medications, such as Topiramate, are in the anti-epileptic category of medications and [are] thought to modulate glutamate neurotransmission . . . but the side-effects are greater than they are for SSRI antidepressants, so there is insufficient evidence for the recommendation of such medications (Medications for). Victims of sexual assault commonly use these medications as a way of relieving anxiety experienced from PTSD symptoms. However, if not taken properly, many victims are also unfortunately susceptible to drug abuse problems. Some special populations for those with PTSD who have been sexually assaulted include victims from domestic violence, university students, and those who are intellectually disabled. Domestic violence is problematic because often times people do not know what is going on in someone elses relationship or the victim is scared to come forward (due to stalking, death threats, etc). For university students, parties, access to alcohol, or dorm room security can be significant contributing factors that correspond to sexual assault cases. For those with intellectual disability, sometimes consent is difficult or impossible to give. High rates of sexual violence in the country suggest that people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are likely to be sexually victimized, (Shabalala and Jasson) often for this fact that consent cannot be given. Eighty-one percent of women and ten percent of men have experienced some form of sexual assault in relationships have reported experiencing PTSD symptoms or some form of impaired daily functioning (Statistics). Women in college are three times more likely than all women to get sexually assaulted and around five percent of undergraduate males experience sexual assault (Campus Sexual Violence). Even if not reported at universities, PTSD symptoms are still highly likely to be seen in victims of sexual assault. For people with intellectual disabilities, one study in 2011 that tested fifty-four people with intellectual disability (twenty-seven who were sexually assaulted and twenty-seven who werent) for symptoms of PTSD showed that those who were intellectually disabled had intense PTSD symptoms from all three clusters (Shabalala and Jasson). In summary, PTSD, with its clusters of many intense symptoms, is incredibly common for trauma victims who experience some form of sexual assault in their lifetime. Although there are many negative symptoms that result from this disorder that can persist for long periods of time, there are also many positive forms of therapy or medications available for victims as treatment if they so choose to take that path. The history of PTSD symptoms has been mentioned and recorded even before the first DSM was published, and it is clear that psychologists have worked hard at improving the specifics of what can cause PTSD in victims of sexual violence (which will lead to easier assessment and diagnosis in the future). As this improvement continues, treatments will also update and be able to aid those with PTSD from sexual assault, whether university students, victims of domestic violence, those with disabilities, or people from other populations. Works Cited Barlow, David H., et al. Anxiety, Trauma- and Stressor-Related, and Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders. Abnormal Psychology an Integrative Approach, 8th ed., Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2015, pp. 160163. Burgess, Lindsay. This Is What PTSD Looks Like for Sexual Assault Survivors. Brit + Co, Brit+Co, 30 Mar. 2018, www.brit.co/what-ptsd-looks-like-for-sexual-assault-survivors/. Campus Sexual Violence: Statistics. RAINN | The Nations Largest Anti-Sexual Violence Organization, RAINN, 2018, www.rainn.org/statistics/campus-sexual-violence. Crocq, Marc-Antoine, and Louis Crocq. From Shell Shock and War Neurosis to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: a History of Psychotraumatology. NCBI, Dialogues Clin Neurosci, Mar. 2000, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181586/. Diagnosing PTSD or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis. PTSD Alliance, PTSD Alliance, LLC, 2018, www.ptsdalliance.org/diagnosis/. Krystal, John H. How Long Does PTSD Last? Brain Behavior Research Foundation, The Brain Behavior Research Foundation, 16 Feb. 2018, www.bbrfoundation.org/ask-an- expert/how-long-does-ptsd-last. Levin, Andrew P, et al. DSM-5 and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, June 2014, pp. 146158., jaapl.org/content/42/2/146. Medications for PTSD. American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, 31 July 2017, www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments/medications.aspx. Parekh, Ranna. What Is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? Warning Signs of Mental Illness, American Psychiatric Association, Jan. 2017, www.psychiatry.org/patients families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Fact Sheet. Sidran.org, Sidran, 1995, www.sidran.org/resources/for-survivors-and-loved-ones/post-traumatic-stress-disorder- fact-sheet/. Shabalala, Nokuthula, and Aimee Jasson. PTSD Symptoms in Intellectually Disabled Victims of Sexual Assault. South African Journal of Psychology, vol. 41, no. 4, 1 Dec. 2011, pp. 424436., doi:10.1177/008124631104100403. Statistics. The National Domestic Violence Hotline, The National Domestic Violence Hotline, www.thehotline.org/resources/statistics/. Tomasula, Jessica L., et al. The Association between Sexual Assault and Suicidal Activity in a National Sample. School Psychology Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 2, 2012, pp. 109119., doi:10.1037/a0029162. Treatment for PTSD. Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA, ADAA, 2018, adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/treatment. Tull, Matthew, and Steven Gans. PTSD: Symptoms and Diagnosis. Verywell Mind, Dotdash, 3 Dec. 2018, www.verywellmind.com/requirements-for-ptsd-diagnosis-2797637.

Guerrilla Warfare Leaders of the 20th Century Essay

Historical interpretations relating to small wars in the post Napoleonic period in relation to insurgent guerrilla warfare in urban and agrarian societies across the globe share universal themes. These commonalities will be explored relating why combatants in guerrilla warfare fight. Moreover, what objectives guerrilla leaders wanted to achieve with their theories of social revolution. The works discussed are Mao Tse-tung, On Guerrilla Warfare, Ernesto Che Guevara, Guerilla Warfare, and Carlos Marighella, Minimanual of The Urban Guerrilla. All three of these historical leaders were well-educated men who were social reformers. All concerned with inequalities among their people. All devised ways to wage class warfare within their†¦show more content†¦They wanted social and political systems to change and change fast. As a result, small guerrilla wars were waged. These three books span the globe from China, Brazil, Cuba, and Bolivia. Consequently, these books influenced Ho Chi Minh in Viet Nam and numerous other underground movements around the world. Mao Tse-tung the Ruler of Red China and transformer of culture founded the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Mao after ten years of fighting the Nationalist army of Chiang Kai-shek retreated from battle to write On Guerilla Warfare. Mao successfully used his theories on guerrilla warfare and ousted the Nationalists Chinese from the mainland. Why Fight: Samuel B. Griffith II, translator of On Guerilla Warfare, explained by â€Å"Recognizing the fundamental disparity between agrarian and urban societies, Mao advocated unorthodox strategies that converted deficits into advantages: using intelligence provided by sympathetic peasant population; substituting deception, mobility, and surprise for superior firepower; using retreat as an offensive move; and educating the inhabitants on the ideological basis of the struggle† (Back cover). 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ThisRead MoreThe United States During The Indochina War979 Words   |  4 Pagesnot what one may know today. Currently, the term liberalism is used to define as to tax the rich, to spend a lot of money and give money to the poor classes who are not employed. Liberalism becomes the main political, economic ideology in the 20th century, this belief and idea comes forth from Adam Smith, a philosopher and political economist. In the early 1900s, this belief becomes predominant and the implementation of capitalism becomes global. Once again, what liberalism originally meant was:

The Death Of The American Revolution - 892 Words

During the American Revolution many people were left in uncircumstantial situations. When you are at your lowest peak, you tend to do things you may regret. Imagine if every man was in a similar situation such as James Yates in â€Å"An Account of a Murder Committed by Mr. J--- Y---, Upon His Family, in December, A.D. 1781† and William Beadle in â€Å"A crime more atrocious and horrible than any other†. They had a choice and knew clearly what the punishment was for their crimes.Why did they do the things they did? Individuals do things they may not want to because another force is making them, it is their proclaimed duty, or their pride is interfering in their judgement. During times of struggles we are usually visited by two spirits. What the two spirits say are told only to you, but the actions you commit affect everyone. Mr. James Yates was visited by these two spirits, but choose to listen to the wrong one only to end up in an insane asylum. 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Case Study Light In The Tunnel

Question: Economists point out (as your textbook does) that in every case, jobs that have been eliminated are soon replaced with new jobs, even better jobs. There are also lots of less attractive jobs created as well, but the effect has always been a net increase in economic activity and prosperity? Answer 1. The law is described by Gordon E. Moore, the co founder of Intel. The Moore law is not a type of theory or law; it is just a paper or research which is published in 1965 by Gordon E. Moore. In this paper the Gordon E. Moore was discuss some basic impact as well as effect of some IC or integrated circuits. They also describe that the small IC or integrated circuits are act like a human mind as well as faster than human mind, and they work faster. Therefore the artificial intelligence is work faster and smoother as well as they fulfill all the requirements of human being. The Gordon E. Moore was also said that the IC or integrated circuits are works according to user requirements, for that reason the IC or integrated circuits are design by base on requirements. 2. In present various types of technologies are works for various task, but in past these all works are operate or control by human being like data entry for companies, manufacturing department of any business model (Hussein Mohamed Adam. and Ford, 1997). But in now they all are operated by some system, which are design according to the business model wants. The systems are works or operate according to our wants but at first they all are design as well as done by human being. In the next 20- 30 years the artificial intelligence are works more than human being but they all are made and operate by human being. 3. According to the Ford, if US companies are didnt off shoring or outsourcing their projects or assignments, than the job vacancies are more in US. The people of US are more interact with the companies as well as if the outsourcing projects are design as well as solve by US employees than the unemployed words are erase in US as well as the economy of US are increasing day by day. 4. In future, some jobs are safe for ever like system design, system manufacturing, system testing and some other because these all works are cant manage as well as controlled by artificial intelligence. The artificial intelligences are work according to the human wants because they are made by the human requirements, which are design as well as manufacture by human being like coder, designer and others. As well as some time the system or artificial intelligences outcomes are with error, which are identifying by human and also solve by human. Therefore in future some jobs are safe. 5. According to the Fords the artificial technologies or artificial intelligences are make our future better. Artificial technologies or artificial intelligences are works for our better life and they all are made as well as design by human being. Therefore, the human beings more important that the artificial technologies and artificial intelligences. The humans are testing each and every error or part of the artificial technologies and artificial intelligences as well as solve according to the system or business model requirements, which is quite difficult to solve by machine or any other system (Staadt, 2007). In past the technologies was grow for our requirements but now a days these all technologies are parts of every human life. References Hussein Mohamed Adam., and Ford, R. (1997).Mending rips in the sky. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press. Staadt, A. (2007).The light in the tunnel. Baltimore: PublishAmerica.